Summary of “the Hidden Traps in Decision Making” Essay

Yue Li MKTG544 Jaebeom Suh 17/09/2012 Summary of â€Å"The hidden traps in decision making† This article is written by John S. Hammond, Ralph L. Keeney, and Howard Raiffa in 1998. The article talks about many manager were cheated by the presentational right decision and they already fall into the traps. Many Executives likely made the right decision, in fact this is sensory misperception. There are various traps that discussed in article: the anchoring trap, the status-quo trap, the sunk-cost trap, the confirming evidence trap, the framing trap, and the estimating and forecasting traps. A decision maker who make a decision use the historical data, based†¦show more content†¦Four ways to avoid it. Listening to the people was attending the last decisions making. Finding the reason why that mistake puzzled you. Lookout for the influence of sunk cost biases. Don’t let your employee lasting their mistakes. The framing trap shows described a problem or design differe nt decision-making misleading, a design may guide other traps generated. Do not easily accept the initial design. Raise questions in different reference and direction. Throughout decision-making process. There are two basic kinds of mental energy on formation of the confirming evidence trap. One is our subconscious, another interest, likes and dislikes. The two psychological energy intensive the confirmation trap in our decision-making, so we automatically accept information confirms our subconscious ideas. The two psychological energy intensive the confirmation trap in our decision-making, so we automatically accept information confirms our subconscious ideas. Do not unthinkingly accept the arguments of their own identity. Trust your own analyze and accept information. Looking for dare speaking future solicit opinions, but is not looking for people who will go along with. The estimating and forecasting traps were made of tree traps the overconfidenceShow MoreRelatedDecision Models – Using Intuition to Make Decisions Essay1678 Words   |  7 PagesWeek 4 Page 1 Decision Models – Using Intuition to Make Decisions Week 4 Page 2 The use of intuition to solve a problem or make a decision may seem like common sense. However, this writer has a hunch, a feeling – almost a sixth sense – that presentiment may be good in a social setting or with our loved ones, but it is not so good in business environments. Why might that be so? 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BUSINESS CULTURE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...7 a. The Power-Distance Relationship†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...7 b. Uncertainty Approach†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 5. THE CONFORMITY APPROACH†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...8-9 6Read MoreOnline Shopping Is More Effective Than Conventional Shopping1764 Words   |  8 Pagesand the way they worked, while time passed by in 2001 studies showed that 52 percent of online shoppers were women. Online shopping is a way that retailers could advertise their products and increase sales. Improving the way that we shop today and making it easier for the people. 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Tim OBrians How to Tell a True War Story of the Things...

The Tim O’Brian’s short story, â€Å"Sweetheart of the Song Tra Bong†, Mary Anne Bell is a rare illustration of the innocence that is lost. In her attractive sweater, unblemished pants and free spirited attitude, no one could seem more faultless. She was the definition of a true young American teenager or at least that’s what they all assumed at first. In the beginning of the story, she is something noticeable to both the soldiers and the reader: she was expected to be a normal American girl who wanted nothing more than a family. The story of her mutation into something different, a killer, mirrors the transformation of most of the soldiers. It is a well-known fact that war changes people; there is an innocence that is forever lost. They go†¦show more content†¦She was very naive because she had no glue what the future holds for her and how Vietnam will transform her, no one did. The more days Mary Anne spent in Vietnam the more she became interested in the culture of war discovering her curious nature. She would listen carefully to the stories she was told and was intrigued by the land and its mystery. Vietnam gave her a new strength, the ability to choose for herself where she would go and who she would become. Anne figuratively became â€Å"a different person†¦ there was a new confidence in her voice, a new authority in the way she carried herself†. As Vietnam empowered Mary Anne and gave her a new personality the men could not understand and they began to see an inequity in Mary Anne, but in a true war story there is no morality. Mary Anne was just doing what the men have always done. She stopped taking baths, and spent more of her time hunting and exploring Vietnam with the Greenies. Sometimes she would get so cut up with the forest and sleep out, leaving Mark Fossie hopeless. Mark was able to notice the changes occurring in Mary Anne, this s uddenly made him paranoid and extremely disturbed. Because Mark was not affected by the land like Anne was, he was unable to relate to Anne anymore because his way of viewing things, his perception and reality, is no longerShow MoreRelatedThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1621 Words   |  7 PagesTim O’Brien’s use of fictionalized writing in the delivery of â€Å"The Things They Carried† was the best writing style possible for a war story. Fiction, as opposed to a more conventional historical account, allows him to paint a more realistic portrayal of soldiers’ actual combat experience during the Vietnam conflict by use of imagery, real life accounts, and third person omniscient point of view. â€Å"The Things They Carried† is a story that I can personally relate to because of my service in the UnitedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Things They Carried 2036 Words   |  9 Pagesyear Tim O’Brien was sent to Vietnam. We can only imagine what it might feel like to face it: being so young, having so much ahead and being sent to some place, which might be the end. Definitely scary. An absolutely new absorbing environment, new companions, new you. I guess, â€Å"scary is the new black† in a green recruits life. The Things They Carried - is an offspring of Tim’s war experience. It is a shocking and hard-to-believe mixture of pain, love, friendship, loyalty and death. Is it true? Did

Deregulation Is The Underlying Cause Of The 2007 / 08...

Deregulation is a process that removing or reducing the regulations and allowing banks to invest (MBA lib, 2015). It allows banks to collaborate, and there’s no regulations of derivatives. The Financial crisis in 2007-2008 brought the massive hurt to everyone in the world. The worldwide financial problem affected thirty million people loosing their jobs and cause many countries getting close to go bankrupt (Peah, 2014). This is the global issue that everyone should be consider of. The purpose of this essay is to determine if the deregulation was the underlying cause of the 2007/08 financial crisis. The essay argues the deregulation was the underlying cause of the 2007/08 financial crisis in the US, because of it causes financial innovations with no regulations, subprime mortgages increasing and lead quite a few competitions among banks. I will discuss these three parts in the following essay. 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Vulnerabilities Amoung Poor Women and Children - 1260 Words

I wish to discuss about women and children being the most endangered amongst the poor. In the essay, I will analyze their problems, examine their susceptibility to poverty and discuss on how to eradicate or reduce to the barest women these issues. Women and children are the most susceptible class amidst the poverty stricken because of the following reasons - they do not have opportunities to access essential social services such as education and health, lower or no recruitment chances, no access to loan facilities and they are usually excluded from society, war and natural calamities such as the Rwandan genocide, floods, and earthqu akes amongst other examples . UNIFEM: 2000 recognized ‘that the disparity amongst men and women entangled in the wheel of impoverishment has continuously increased in the past decade, a prodigy generally referred to as the ‘feminization of poverty’. The specific problems faced by poor women are lack of resources as a consequence of their earning less salary than men even if they possess the same eligibity and work for the same total number of hours, they are restricted to jobs that pays meager salaries such as cooks, cleaners, nannies, secretaries etc, they spend extra hours providing voluntary care giving than men especially in the African culture where it is imposed on the woman that if any family member is indisposed, it is her responsibility to cater for that person, they carry the major responsibility of bringing up children child

A Raisin in the Sun Free Essays

â€Å"America has given the Negro people a bad check† , this is thoroughly shown, along with other themes, throughout both A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. ’s â€Å"I Have A Dream† speech. We will write a custom essay sample on A Raisin in the Sun or any similar topic only for you Order Now Before the civil rights movement, and for some time after, blacks were given the short end of the stick, they had to fight for their dreams and they had to fight against racism. They were given next to nothing but they were still expected to ask the whites to â€Å"forgive [them] for ever wanting to be anything at all! (p. 27). The ideas between the two works blend together very well and very easily that one of the biggest differentiations is the attitudes of the white people towards the blacks. Dreams are an incredibly monumental part of every person, they are what shapes them and guides them, and Hansberry and King both experienced a time when it was unbelievably difficult for blacks to achieve those dreams because the means necessary to reach them just weren’t available for black people. A Raisin in the Sun is full of dreams, Ruth dreams for a nice house for her family to live in, Beneatha dreams to become a doctor and do one of the most concretely good things that a person can do for another, Walter dreams of owning a liquor store and the financial security and independence he would achieve through that, and Mama dreams that future generations will have a better life. However, people don’t always think of how their dreams can influence them, the Youngers’ dreams and their attainment, or lack thereof, is directly related to the happiness and depression of the family. King’s dream was very similar to Mama’s, better things for the future, more opportunities, that blacks and whites would be able to sit â€Å"at the table of brotherhood†? together. All of Dr. King’s dreams have a common root, the abolition of racial discrimination. â€Å"The Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination†? , and while the chains are merely symbolic they may was well be literal. Fighting racial discrimination is the center of both pieces of literature, the people who support it, knowingly or unknowingly, are oppressing the blacks and making them feel like they didn’t belong anywhere. Around the Civil Rights Movement, black people didn’t feel like they had a home, their families had been in North America for centuries and because of that they felt absolutely no connection to Africa, the place that they were being told was their home, and they were being told and shown that they weren’t American either because of all the basic rights that were being taken away from them. They just wanted to â€Å"rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice†. And that was something that the Younger family was almost deprived of when they wanted to move to Clybourne Park, Mr.  Lindner came and told them that †our Negro families are happier when they live in their own communities† (p. 165). White people weren’t even being subtle with their racial discrimination; they had committees to make sure that black people knew that they weren’t welcome. Dr. King’s speech is all about trying to eradicate racism and so that people were not â€Å"judged by the colour of their skin but by the content of their character†?. In today’s society we are always told to do just that, do not judge a book by its cover, and it almost seems like fiction to think that an entire race was judged merely by how they look. The black people just wanted to be able to enter the â€Å"oasis of freedom and justice† , and the people around them were the ones who were going to have to make all the changes. In A Raisin in the Sun the white people clearly want nothing to do with the black people unless the blacks are doing the menial jobs that very few white people were willing to do, such as be drivers for the rich whites or clean their houses for very little pay, and the white people would get offended if the black people asked for a raise, after all the blacks should be grateful that the whites even considered giving them a job. However, when Dr. King made his speech there were white people in the crowd as well as black people. The white people knew that a change was coming and they were ready for the change because they thought that it would make things better, and Dr. King even acknowledges them while he is speaking, â€Å"many of our white brothers, as evidence by their presence here today, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny. †? Between the speech and the play there is only about a decade of time between them, but the attitudes of the white people couldn’t be more different. Dreams, racism, and attitude are all substantially influential components to a society, and are certainly shown in both A Raisin in the Sun and â€Å"I Have A Dream†. And while racial discrimination has not been completely abolished from society, when A Raisin in the Sun first came out it gave incredible insight into how similar blacks were to whites, and when Dr. King gave his speech the Civil Rights Movement took off. Even though the blacks were given a â€Å"bad check†? their refusal â€Å"to believe that the bank of justice [was] bankrupt† made all the difference. How to cite A Raisin in the Sun, Essay examples A Raisin in the Sun Free Essays Lorraine Hansberry was a first black woman, whose play was staged on Broadway. She was born in 1930, and in 1959 her best known play. A Raisin in the Sun, was first staged. We will write a custom essay sample on A Raisin in the Sun or any similar topic only for you Order Now It brought her awards and fame, as the audience liked her style, and the fact that she wrote about individuals, people who had the courage to defend their opinions. The writer died of cancer when she was 34, which cut her promising career. Objective Summary Youngers, an Afro-American family living in Chicago, receive the insurance check for 10,000$. every member of the family has some plans for this money. Mama, who is the eldest in the family, wants a bigger house, Walter Lee, her son thinks about investing a liquor store, Beneatha, Walter’s sister wants to pay for her medical school tuition, while Walter’s wife, Ruth, agrees with Mama. In some time Ruth finds out she’s pregnant, and tells her husband she is thinking about abortion. When Mama hears this, she puts a down payment on a house, which is in the white neighborhood. But when the future neighbors hear, that Youngers are black, they offer them money for staying away, but the family refuses this deal, even despite the fact that Walter loses the rest of the money, as his friend Willy Harris, who persuaded Walter to invest in a liquor story runs with his money. Beneatha gets the marriage proposal from Joseph Asagai, her boyfriend from Nigeria, who wants her to graduate medical school and move to Nigeria with him. Beneatha can’t make her choice. The family moves out from their old apartment, feeling that they are strong enough to fulfill their dreams by themselves. Subjective Evaluation The play is an interesting and useful reading as it tells about people for whom money are not the goal, it’s rather a way to reach their aims. Each of the members of the Youngers family has his/her dream, and they are ready to fight for it, and this dream isn’t having lots of money. Will Beneatha be able to leave her family and her life in the U.S for to move to Nigeria with Joseph? How to cite A Raisin in the Sun, Papers A Raisin In the Sun Free Essays Mama’s Dream Dreams are fantasies made up of images from your mind. Everybody has their nightmares, and dreams that sometimes come true in A Raisin In the Sun , by Lorraine Handlebars. The Younger family are African Americans, who struggle with economics. We will write a custom essay sample on A Raisin In the Sun or any similar topic only for you Order Now Mama’s American Dream is she wants to use her husbands insurance to help her family. Mama’s dream is affected by her personality traits of being caring, religious, and determined. One personality trait that affects her dream is her compassion. When mama says, â€Å"Come on now, honey. You need to lie down and rest a while†¦ Then have some nice hot food (pig PAGE). Mama shows her compassion to help her daughter feel better. Compassion affects Mama’s dream by Another trait that strongly affects Mama’s dream is her being religious. When Mama says, â€Å"Now don’t you start child. Its being too early in the morning to be talking about money. It anti Christian, Mama ( pig 41 She illustrates how she feels money should not be more important than family. Mama’s religiousness affects her dream by Walter said, † Where did you go this afternoon? † and Mama replied, â€Å"l went downtown to tend some business I had to tend to. † (pig 90) Mama demonstrates that as a mother she is devoted to always work so, the money earned can help the Younger and to buy her dream house. Mama’s determination affects her dream by not ever giving up to strive for her goals. Without Mama’s personality traits she would not have gotten her dream. How to cite A Raisin In the Sun, Papers A Raisin in the Sun Free Essays The play and the production of A Raisin in the Sun are comparable in multiple ways. After reading the play and watching the movie, there are many things that don’t exactly match up to one another causing the audience to develop a bias about several things that could use some reviewing. With all intentions, Hansberry worked delicately to choose the right actors to fit the parts in the movie production. We will write a custom essay sample on A Raisin in the Sun or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although Hansberry had good intentions when choosing the actors, acting is one of those things that she should consider reviewing for some characters in the movie. Mama is one character that had great acting qualities. She was the typical grandmother in both the play and the movie. She carried all the right qualities in her acting. In the movie she was dressed appropriately as a grandmother wearing a dress, an apron, a hat with a flower on it, and her hair tied up â€Å"old timey†. She was a somewhat large framed woman and had all of the traits one would think of when thinking of a grandmother at this time. Not only did Mama’s appearance fit the description, so did her voice; literally and symbolically. She had her heart in place for the good of the family, especially Travis. Mama also spoke from wisdom and the heart. She had been through a lot throughout her life and not only spoke from the heart but, acted from the heart. Mama presented herself in a â€Å"grandmotherly† way by acting from the heart and portrayed the true actions of a grandmother, just as she was depicted in the play. Ruth is another character who presented herself in the movie production as she was presented in the play. Ruth was very constant in her acting and transitioned smoothly throughout her lines. Her acting ways and appearance also fit her character nicely. Just as a housewife and a mom in the 1960’s, Ruth wore a dress and an apron, just as Mama did, she was up before anybody else in the house was, and she cleaned, cooked, and fulfilled every responsibility as a housewife and mother. Many times, Ruth had to bite her tongue although there were many things she wanted to say. She moved through these lines just as if it were a real situation between a mother-in-law and daughter-in –law. Ruth’s acting was just as society would expect it to be and just as Hansberry intended for it to be. Unfortunately, the same characteristics of Mama and Ruth cannot be described in Walter and Beneatha. In the movie production, Walter and Beneatha gave the audience the impression that they were just reading their lines and performing their parts. They did not put their hearts into performing and give the audience the intuition that the play was an actual situation. Walter’s voice had a mechanical tone to it, giving no emotion, just as if it were recorded. When walking and moving throughout the apartment, Walter moved as if he were a robot with the exception of when he was dancing and jumping on the kitchen table. Although Walter didn’t put hardly any emotion into his performance, Beneatha had some emotion behind her performance. With the little emotion Beneatha did have, she did not do much with it. She too, sounded mechanical. Her peak of emotion was when she wore her African dress she received from a friend. There was not enough emotion acting between to the two to be equivalent to the emotion behind Mama or Ruth’s acting. There are multiple things that Hansberry could do to improve the quality of Walter and Beneatha’s acting. Mama and Ruth gave the audience a sense that the play was taking place in real life. Walter and Beneatha on the other hand, gave an impression that it was just another play that they had to perform. To make better characters of Walter and Beneatha, Hansberry should consider adding some emotion in their acting. A little bit of tone changing is all that it would take to give the audience an entirely different impression of their characters. Their voices stay at a constant tone almost throughout the entire play. Also adding more movement throughout the apartment and easier transitions would make the play flow smoother. With all of the elements that Hansberry could work on to improve the quality of the characters, tone of voice would be one overall element that would change the movie tremendously. Hansberry had many intentions when choosing the characters for the movie production of A Raisin in the Sun. Regrettably; I have to say that Walter and Beneatha are the ones that did not meet the quality in acting that Mama and Ruth did. Small things like tone of voice and transitions are elements that could be changed to improve their acting qualities vastly. When choosing actors for a movie production after presenting a written play, a producer has to look for certain qualities. After reading a play, an audience develops certain expectations for the movie production and to be successful, a producer has to follow through with those expectations. Unfortunately, Hansberry didn’t quite follow through with the expectations in the movie production that she set in the written play. Even though Walter and Beneatha’s acting didn’t quite meet the standards of Mama and Ruth’s acting, a little review of their acting skills could change their characters to boring to the most interesting and enthusiastic characters. How to cite A Raisin in the Sun, Essay examples A Raisin in the Sun Free Essays Lorraine Hansberry’s play â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun,† was a radically new representation of black life, resolutely authentic, fiercely unsentimental, and unflinching in its vision of what happens to people whose dreams are constantly deferred. I compared Act One, Scene 2, in the play and the film. The setting in the play is on a Saturday morning, and house cleaning is in process at the Youngers. We will write a custom essay sample on A Raisin in the Sun or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the film, the setting is the same as play, with lighting and costumes. The plot in the play is when Mrs. Younger gets the insurance check of $10,000. In the film, the plot is the same, but includes music not mentioned in the play. The dialogue in the film has some deletions from the original text, with new dialogue added throughout the scene. Some film techniques used are: the film cuts back and forth to different characters, the room is well lit with the sunshine coming in through the window, and music is added throughout some parts of this scene. Perhaps the biggest difference between the play and the film in this scene involves dialogue. Much of the dialogue is deleted, however, new dialogue is added through some parts of this scene. Also, in the play, the mailman comes up to their apartment and rings the door bell unlike the film, Travis runs up to him outside the building and gets the mail from him right away and runs back to give it to Mrs. Younger (his grandma). I also compared Act Two, Scene 1, in the play and the film. The setting in the play is later, that same day at the Youngers. In the film, the setting is the same as play, with lighting and costumes. The plot in the play is when Mama, Mrs. Younger, buys Travis a new house for when he gets older to be a man. In the film, the plot is the same as play with music added to parts of this scene. The dialogue in the film has some lines rephrased and also has some deletions from the original text; new dialogue is added throughout parts of this scene. Some film techniques used in this scene are: the room is brightly lit with lamps and other light fixtures, the film cuts back and forth to different characters and the camera seems to move alone with the characters as they did, and music is added throughout parts of this scene. Perhaps the biggest difference between the play and the film in this scene involves dialogue. Much of the dialogue is rephrased and not said as the author has written it in the play. And also, some of the dialogue from the original text is deleted, however, new dialogue is added. And also, unlike the film, a lot of the actions the author has described in the play did not happen in the film. Such as, on page 91 as Ruth says â€Å"Praise God! the author describes that she raises both arms classically, and as she tells Walter Lee to be glad, the author describes she has laid her hands on his shoulders, but he shakes himself free of her roughly, without turning to face her, these actions did not happen in the film. I also had compared Act Two, Scene 3, in the play and the film. The setting in the play is on a Saturday, moving day, one week later. In the film, the setting is the same as the play, with lighting and costumes. The plot in the play is Linder tries to buy back the house from the Younger family. In the film, the plot is the same as the play. The dialogue in the film has some deletions from play; new dialogue is added in replacement of the deleted dialogue. Some film techniques used in this scene are: the film cuts back and forth to different characters, and the room is well lit with the sunshine coming in through the window. Perhaps the biggest difference between the play and the film in this scene also involves dialogue. The dialogue in this scene is mostly faithful to the play but has some deletions. On the other hand, new dialogue was added in replacement of the deleted lines from the original text. How to cite A Raisin in the Sun, Essay examples

Individual Positivism free essay sample

Positivism emerged towards the end of the nineteenth century, and sought to oppose traditional, Classical ways of criminological thinking. The theory tended to look at crime scientifically, in order to produce facts based around the key causes of crime and so, they could attempt to truly understand what kind of people offend and for what reasons. Offenders and offending behaviour had been understood before as voluntary concepts, where people had free will and the choice to commit crime (or not to). Positivists began to observe crime as a more deterministic concept and challenged whether or not people really do choose to offend. Moreover, the overall and fundamental view of an Individual Positivist is that those who become involved in crime or deviance are characteristically different to those who abide by the law. The theory, also known as Eugenics is a primarily, biologically based theory that claims that criminality is individualistic, i. We will write a custom essay sample on Individual Positivism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page e. crime is committed mainly by individuals as opposed to those in groups. These theorists put forward the notion that certain idiosyncrasies – either physical or psychological – are similar in those who are criminal, and those who are not in turn, will not fit this particular criteria. Physical attributes such as, having ‘darker skin’ or ‘larger ears’ were believed by Cesare Lombroso to be influential factors for involvement in crime and deviance. (2006) (companion refs) Lombroso believed that there was an â€Å"in-born criminality† in criminals. He called them â€Å"atavistic† with features more akin to â€Å"savages†, a view held by many positivists. Other developments in this psychological approach found that even the size of the human brain is a determinant factor for criminal behaviour. (2008) (companion) Eysenck furthers this argument by saying that someone’s IQ level can determine their criminality. He backs this up by highlighting statistics that display Chinese or Asian people being the most intelligent people in the world population, with White people coming second in the ranks and Black people were claimed to be the least intelligent. This data reflects the ratio of the prison population and shows in his opinion, how criminal behaviour can be linked to intelligence levels. This view has been criticised however, because it has been highlighted that say for example, if an IQ test is generated by White people then White people will find the test relatively easier in comparison with if it was made up by Black or Chinese people. It is argued that IQ tests are culturally biased, e. g. A question might ask â€Å"Knife is to Fork as Cup is to†¦? † The answer is ‘Saucer,’ but this should not be expected to be a universally known answer, as eating and drinking habits vary enormously in differing countries and cultures. As such characteristics are inherited or acquired beyond anyone’s control, Individual Positivists would claim that the most beneficial way of preventing crime is to treat or rehabilitate criminals and ‘fix’ or ‘normalise’ their minds, so to speak. Coleman and Norris (2000) believe that in focusing on the characteristics and abnormalities and through discovering the causes which distinguish a criminal from a normal person, individual positivism allows for, and is a more humane and effective way of controlling crime.

Unique Identification Card free essay sample

UID – A TRANSFORMATIONAL INITIAVE OR A PIPE DREAM Statement of the Problem 1. This research paper seeks to study and analyse the Unique Identification Card project to bring out relevant aspects of the project which make it a unique project from Indian perspective, its benefits as also the current challenges/ barriers faced by the Indian government. The paper also seeks to develop a road map for its successful implementation in the Indian scenario. Hypothesis 2. The Unique Identification number (Aadhaar), which identifies individuals uniquely on the basis of their demographic information and biometrics will give individuals the means to clearly establish their identity to public and private agencies across the country. It is believed that Unique National IDs will help address the rigged state elections and widespread embezzlement that affects subsidies and poverty alleviation programs such as NREGA. Though there are many potential privacy fallouts of this project, not the least of which is triggered by the Governments official plan to link the databases together. We will write a custom essay sample on Unique Identification Card or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The real fear is access to such a data would give the government a free hand to profiling, segmenting and targeting a sect, group or religion. This could lead to dangerous consequences. However, it is unique and robust enough to eliminate the large number of duplicate and fake identities in government and private databases. Through UID, tracking of individuals becomes easy. All information collected by UIDAI will be easily accessible to intelligence agencies such as the Intelligence Bureau (IB) and the Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) through the National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID) which will avert any nefarious intentions of anti national elements. Hence, it is in the interest of the country to implement the project after resolving various contentious issues involved in the project and protect privacy of each individual and individual’s fundamental right to life with dignity guaranteed by the constitution. Topic 1. UID – A Pipe Dream. Statement of the Problem 2. To study and analyse the problems involved in implementation of UID proj. Hypothesis 3. The UID project is a blatant case of infringement of civil liberties. Biometric cards invade privacy and as such are a violation of the fundamental right to life with dignity guaranteed by the constitution. There is exactly no strong edifice of biometrics on which this mega-structure is to be constructed. Patterns of iris change with age, disease and health; fingerprints can easily be tapped and copied. A register of more than 100 million identities sounds a distant dream. Its a herculean task to build such a colossal database. It is a critical piece of information infrastructure that has to come in place. So far, the project has seen less of IT and infrastructure building and more of politics. Advocated as the biggest step towards social development, the project requires efficient planning at the granule level. 4. The real fear is access to such a data would give the government a free hand to profiling, segmenting and targeting a sect, group or religion. This could lead to dangerous consequences. This data, if slipped into the hands of corporates, could be used to serve various purposes. 5. Thus UID seems to be a distant dream which is unlikely to find ground in the present Indian scenario. Unique Identification Card A Transformational Initiative or A Pipe Dream : A case study from India Scenario Research Objectives 1. To understand the uniqueness of UID projects in India in comparison with other such projects worldwide To understand the current status of UID projects in India 2. To assess the current challenges / barriers faced by the Indian government 3. To understand its benefits from consumer based study 4. To develop a road map for its sucessfull implementation