Data Essay -- essays research papers

1. Information is something known or expected. It is whatever fits into a DSS and is significant. Three models are grades for a class, an image of backdrop, or informal exchange about another item or organization. 2. Words, pictures, and numbers. 3. Data is obtained information that is gotten from information and anything that is summed up in numerical or graphical. Data is utilized for "informing" somebody about something. A case of data is an overall gain on an accounting report, the normal of evaluations for a class and a diagram of what number of individuals utilize a specific item. 4. Regulating approach, abstract methodology and sensible methodology. The standardizing approach is the point at which the DSS gives the data that a leader needs so as to settle on a specific choice. This expresses the data should meet the rules for settling on the choice. The abstract methodology is the point at which the DSS has data that the structures thought would be valuable. This doesn't imply that the data will be valuable. The last methodology, reasonable, is the point at which the planner inquires as to whether the leader will utilize this data or not. Each approach has its own helpful information. The sensible methodology is the better of the considerable number of approaches since it considers what the DSS will be utilized for and places in the required data. The other two methodologies don't place in the data that is required. 5. The attributes of valuable data is as per the following: { Timeliness : data is state-of-the-art and st...

Sociology of Mass Media Free Essays

Human science of broad communications †Advertising and majority rules system are associated. Individuals are required by their political framework to hold singular assessments. What's more, individuals take a gander at the broad communications for data on political issues. We will compose a custom paper test on Humanism of Mass Media or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now In this manner, they searched for data from the news, political discussions, and political promoting so they could assess their pioneers and decision on open approach. †In covering a political crusade, the media pick which issues or themes to accentuate, accordingly setting the campaign’s plan. Along these lines, the media make a plan setting; the capacity to influence intellectual change among people by mentioning to individuals what to think about, not what to think. This would then impact Quebec voters’ choices. †Political Advertising and battle inclusion would affect Quebec voters in impacting their choices by including these into their crusades: †¢Patriotism: The advertisement focuses on the candidate’s love of and administration to his/her nation. †¢Gender: The advertisement presents the up-and-comer as properly â€Å"manly† (or female) to make watchers trust him/her. Raw numbers: The promotion utilizes realities and insights to help the candidate’s arrangements. †¢Issues: Reporters need to push for subtleties on positions and pose intense inquiries on significant issues, not tolerating sweeping statements. They have to ricochet one candidate’s position off different possibility to make a savvy conversation discus sion from which voters can settle on educated decisions †¢Depth: On television show appearances, correspondents need to offer something beyond what voters can see and hear for themselves. Examination and profundity include a new measurement that isn't repetitive to what the crowd definitely knows. †¢Inside inclusion: journalists need to cover the hardware of the crusades: who runs things and how, what history do they bring to a battle. †Voters would be impacted by these introduced crusade inclusion and would utilize these to make an unequivocal vote. Instructions to refer to Sociology of Mass Media, Essay models

Cryogenic treatment of metal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cryogenic treatment of metal - Essay Example Untempered martensite should, subsequently, have treatment underneath the base basic temperatures of the metal to empower dispersion of the overabundance carbon from the body-focus tetragonal structure thus it makes an increasingly steady structure. Treating prompts an even conveyance of alloying components in precipitation-solidifying amalgams like super composites of aluminum (L.K. Zhang. 148). The components cause inner responses, which brings about the arrangement of between metallic stages alluded to as accelerates. The hastens framed during treating fortify the amalgams. Moreover, multistep hardening can bring about the development of a few hastens that impact to high quality compound. Cryogenic treatment is completed in metals in the process to upgrade metallic wear qualities. Cryogenic metal treatment is a significant new metal treatment process in designing and is one of the most used metal treatment forms in the business (Xiaojun Jianga 62). Use of cryogenic temperature (underneath - 2400 F) is another application in metal treatment particularly in the ultra-cold domain. The technique was attempted in mid 1940s, yet it was found to create warm burdens due to the fast cooling of the metal in fluid nitrogen. As a result of the arrangement of warm anxieties, cryogenic treatment was not being used for modern purposes until late 1960s. Cryogenic metal treatment process was improved to the utilization of vaporous nitrogen, which brings about decreased arrangement of warm anxieties (L.K. Zhang. 32). There are three significant cryogenic treatment process set up in mechanical building. At first, the metal is gradually chilled off from encompassing climatic temperatures to cryogenic temperatures. Cooling of the metal parts gradually prompts a decrease in the development of warm burdens. Slow cooling process likewise guarantees that the general

The Advantages of Including Clinical Simulation in Nursing Education Research Paper

The Advantages of Including Clinical Simulation in Nursing Education - Research Paper Example Along these lines, the individual is completely occupied with something that he may some way or another simply found out about or watch another person doing. In any case, by and large, individuals are simply asked to â€Å"watch and learn† and be relied upon to naturally soak up what is being educated. Some way or another, for a great many people, this isn't sufficient, particularly for those in employments that would require real practice before they apply what they have realized. Nursing is one case of a vocation that would require a lot of down to earth understanding before usage as a profession. Since medical caretakers are depended with the lives of their patients, having no idea concerning how to manage them in genuine practice, regardless of on the off chance that they are only new in their calling, is no reason. It would be an unsafe and amateurish activity. Lacking viable experience, nursing understudies can't simply depend on their hypothetical information picked up from school. New Training Technique One new advancement in nursing instruction is the utilization of clinical reproduction. This is an instructing approach that gives understudies learning encounters intently looking like genuine conditions that they are probably going to experience in their expert practice. â€Å"Simulated clinical experience requires submerging understudies in an agent understanding consideration situation, a setting that copies the real condition with adequate authenticity to permit students to suspend disbelief† (Waxsman:29). Confronted with a mimicked domain, they gain commonality with circumstances that they will most presumably experience in their future calling. They get the opportunity to see the genuine gear to be utilized, the set up in a clinical situation, and get a thought of how it feels like to be in a center, emergency clinic room or working room. In this technique, understudy medical attendants get the chance to utilize an exact high-devotio n puppet which is intelligent and reasonable (Jeffries: 56). Various situations that medical caretakers are probably going to experience with their patients are happened during recreation meetings that would call their abilities and information. The puppet would fill in as an example tolerant that the medical attendants can take care of relying upon the side effects introduced. High and low-loyalty puppets just as expertise and errand coaches, augmented reality mentors, PC based test systems and situations and even normalized patients involve the recreation training bundle (Jeffries: 60). In clinical reproduction, they get presented to different situations and should apply what they have realized in a sheltered and controlled condition that won't hazard the security and life of any patient. This is a lot of not the same as the conventional instructing strategies that nursing understudies have been acclimated with, for example, addresses, conversations, pretend and research facility practice, as these may not, at this point be powerful (Waxman:30). What is presently being advanced in instruction is the adherence to constructivist educational methodologies wherein increasingly dynamic, experiential learning procedures reflect certifiable practices. Parker and Myrick (42) fight that clinical reproduction has constructivist instructive underpinnings encouraging interpretive, generative realizing which is fit to the advancement of transformative learning. Using clinically-reproduced situations, understudies take part in solid encounters prone to be done in their future practice. The Process of Clinical Simulation Human patient recreation (HPS) is the innovation behind clinical reproduction in nursing training. Bearnson and Wiker (422) clarify that a human-like puppet planned with human-like reactions and capacity is constrained by a PC by the

Sport and Recreation Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Game and Recreation Management - Essay Example This examination will start with the explanation that the cutting edge world is alive to the way that work is the way to monetary, social, physical, and otherworldly prosperity. In any case, even as individuals center around their works and pertinent exercises, they welcome the hugeness of spare time, recreational time, and relaxation time in their undertakings. Without a doubt, there is a typical affirmation in the cutting edge world that all work with no play makes Jack a dull kid that advocates for relaxation time. In a perfect world, we can characterize relaxation whenever that an individual spends away from work, enterprise, upkeep exercises, family exercises, and scholarly exercises. While characterizing recreation, we allude to time, which incorporates nondiscretionary time, working time, and relaxation time where recreation is optional time. Important is that all exercises done during recreation time must be essential and picked at unrestrained choice by people. Truth be told , there is a qualification among recreation and unavoidable exercises concerning the intention of any action. All the more in this way, there is a contrast among relaxation and spare time since certain elements as social weights may force people to take part in recreation exercises. For example, the need to stay aware of the financial advancements accomplished by our partners may compel one to invest relaxation energy in exercises planned for inferring monetary worth. As a rule, relaxation opportunity arrives in little amounts during weekdays where various people and nations have differing feelings on the estimation of recreation time. In America, numerous people have around 35 to 40 hours of recreation for each week. The most widely recognized idea of recreation is social relaxation that identifies with activities sought after in a social arrangement since the social establishment perceives the hugeness of relaxation. Distinctive social settings decide the time accessible for recre ation where a few social orders have people who worth work more than any relaxation movement henceforth inferring little relaxation time. Much of the time, ladies have less relaxation time contrasted with men regarding all recreation segments. In a perfect world, the essential segments of relaxation incorporate providing food, guest attractions, children’s play exercises, sport and physical diversion exercises, locally situated relaxation, wide open amusement exercises just as expressions and diversion.

Clay, Lucius DuBignon

Clay, Lucius DuBignon Clay, Lucius DuBignon d?bin ´y?n, dübenyôN ´ [key], 1897â€"1978, American general, b. Marietta, Ga. A graduate of West Point and an engineering officer, he held many army administrative posts and became (1944) deputy director of the office of War Mobilization and Reconversion. Clay was (1945â€"47) deputy chief of the U.S. military government in Germany and in 1947 became commander of U.S. troops in Europe. He directed operations in the Berlin blockade as U.S. military governor (1947â€"49). Clay retired from the army as a full general in May, 1949, to enter private business. After the closing of the borders between East and West Berlin by the Communists, he served (Sept., 1961â€"May, 1962) as President Kennedy's personal representative in Berlin with the rank of ambassador. He wrote Decision in Germany (1950). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biograp hies

Man Loved Very Much By A Doctor Despite Their Differences - 1650 Words

Till Death, Do Us Part: Man Loved Very Much By A Doctor Despite Their Differences (Essay Sample) Content: TILL DEATH, DO US PART.She was born in Tucson U.S.A. She graduated with first class honors in medicine from Harvard University. Although her parents were the owners of the top most business firm in the state, she never walked head high. At her internship in California, she met a lot of sick and needy people who positively impacted her life. As a young medical practitioner, her intentions to help the sick were evident. Diane loved what she did for a living.He was born in the outskirts of Brooklyn taking loose change from his mothers purse every evening. He schooled in Brooklyn High till ninth grade where his single mother was capable of paying fees. That was where his education came to a standstill and he decided to take another course in life. However, this course was not so befitting of his age. Trey started doing drugs at a very early age.In the midst of all the chaos and drama about the differences between the black and white people, Trey and his mother found those looking for jobs in offices that could say were white suited jobs . They had no say in other peoples opinion or judgment about their skin color but they kept on looking for what they urgently needed at the moment. Trey on one hand had to look for a technical skill which needed training and had to be paid for. His mother on the other hand had bills to debts to settle, bills to pay and her only son to feed but the worst came to the worst once Trey developed Liver Cirrhosis out of his alcohol addiction.Trey was admitted in hospital and lay in the ward worried sick of his future. Now approaching his late twenties, he ought to be earning a living but he was lying in a hospital bed with worries on how to pay his hospital bill. His mother was right by his side. Whether rich or poor, sick or in good health. They frequently held hands to whisper a short prayer to God. Trey was not much of a holy Joe himself; his mother did not mind prayingWe come to you our Father with honor and admirati on; we ask that you forgive us our trespasses as we forgive those who have trespassed against us. Father, hhhheall.. Heal my son in Jesus name. Llllisten unto my prayer and we ask all this in Christs name we pray, Amen. Just after she uttered her prayer, a beautiful kind lady walked into their ward smiling at Trey. His mother couldnt stop asking her the condition of her son; Trey could not take his eyes off her. To him, he definitely knew it was love at first sight. The doctor took Treys temperature and did some tests in their presence as she gave them hope of Treys recovery if he would stop alcohol and just before she left, she introduced herself as Doctor Diane.Trey lost track of what he was really doing in hospital and could never stop thinking about the doctor. The little red button on his finger had immediate effect since every time he pressed it; the doctor came to check up on him. Doctor Diane in specific. Although Trey spent a couple of weeks in hospital, he played his ca rds right and the doctor became fond of the patient. Even at odd times the doctor would come at odd times to check up on Trey or just to have a slow chat with him. But what did Diane really see in Trey?Trey had a successful operation a week later and was discharged from the hospital a fortnight after the operation. God had answered their prayers since all his hospital bills had been settled by someone who did not want to be known. Diane, now off her hospital duty often came to see Trey in his home to keep him company as he recovered. Honestly, Trey needed rehabilitation from the addiction he had and Diane offered to take Trey for the exercise to build his morale.She took good care of Trey as if he were her own child and Trey was eager to take their relationship a bit further so he one day took Diane out on their first dateHe was so excited. He borrowed a three piece suit from his old uncle Charlie, he got a loan from his mother to cater for dinner and the taxi and he was set and rea dy to go. They got close while in the taxi and held hands till they arrived at the expensive five star restaurant. The gentleman that he was, he held open the door for beautiful Diane who was in six inch stilettos and a long black silky dress. Everybody gazed at her as she walked in the restaurant.Their table was set right at the corner where the view of the entertainment was fantastic. Diane was amazed by the service offered by the kind waiters but Trey was busy estimating his bill at the end of his meal, sweat trickling down his face. Aside from that, they talked endlessly about themselves to each other. Diane told Trey how her family was one of the richest families in the state. Trey took it as it came to him and assumed that it was normal. The night was still young once Trey had settled the bill and they left the restaurant. Diane opted for a horse ride in the moonlight but Trey cried inwardly at what that would cost. Luckily, Diane knew a friend of hers who gave them a ride fre e of charge.Trey talked about how he would take care of Diane even though he did not make a living, how he fell in love with her since the first time he saw her and how he promised to make her the happiest woman alive. Diane gazed into his eyes and realized Trey was not any ordinary promise maker. She saw something in Trey she could not quite put her finger on and she liked it. She offered Trey to come to her parents house the next day for dinner and he was more than happy to go.The seven bedroom mansion was hard to miss in the neighborhood. Welcomed with a vast of warm introductions Trey realized Dianes home just another white home, full of proud racists. He sat at the dinner table ready to have dinner together with Dianes family but was crushed at what her parents spoke of his skin color type of people. How they were thieves, illiterate, dirty, violent and insolent people.

Summary of “the Hidden Traps in Decision Making” Essay

Yue Li MKTG544 Jaebeom Suh 17/09/2012 Summary of â€Å"The hidden traps in decision making† This article is written by John S. Hammond, Ralph L. Keeney, and Howard Raiffa in 1998. The article talks about many manager were cheated by the presentational right decision and they already fall into the traps. Many Executives likely made the right decision, in fact this is sensory misperception. There are various traps that discussed in article: the anchoring trap, the status-quo trap, the sunk-cost trap, the confirming evidence trap, the framing trap, and the estimating and forecasting traps. A decision maker who make a decision use the historical data, based†¦show more content†¦Four ways to avoid it. Listening to the people was attending the last decisions making. Finding the reason why that mistake puzzled you. Lookout for the influence of sunk cost biases. Don’t let your employee lasting their mistakes. The framing trap shows described a problem or design differe nt decision-making misleading, a design may guide other traps generated. Do not easily accept the initial design. Raise questions in different reference and direction. Throughout decision-making process. There are two basic kinds of mental energy on formation of the confirming evidence trap. One is our subconscious, another interest, likes and dislikes. The two psychological energy intensive the confirmation trap in our decision-making, so we automatically accept information confirms our subconscious ideas. The two psychological energy intensive the confirmation trap in our decision-making, so we automatically accept information confirms our subconscious ideas. Do not unthinkingly accept the arguments of their own identity. Trust your own analyze and accept information. Looking for dare speaking future solicit opinions, but is not looking for people who will go along with. The estimating and forecasting traps were made of tree traps the overconfidenceShow MoreRelatedDecision Models – Using Intuition to Make Decisions Essay1678 Words   |  7 PagesWeek 4 Page 1 Decision Models – Using Intuition to Make Decisions Week 4 Page 2 The use of intuition to solve a problem or make a decision may seem like common sense. However, this writer has a hunch, a feeling – almost a sixth sense – that presentiment may be good in a social setting or with our loved ones, but it is not so good in business environments. Why might that be so? Because our gut feel is fine with friends; we can use it to explain spontaneous actions or behaviorsRead MoreDeveloping Effective Decision Models1692 Words   |  7 PagesWeek 6 Page 1 Decision Models – Problem Analysis LDSP: 6720 – Developing Effective Decision Models July12, 2010 Week 2 Page 2 There are a number of different problem solving methods, techniques and styles, and the purpose of this paper is to review the analysis portion as it relates to the case study assigned to this week. Further, this paper will provide a critique to the solution of the case study problem which will include three distinctRead MoreMetaphors of Organizations1251 Words   |  6 Pagespart structure our experience, consciously and unconsciously, by means of metaphor. Take for example the the very common metaphor that an organization is like a machine. We think in terms of inputs and outputs , maximizing production and making efficiency the driving force . When things are going well we say the organization is running like clockwork , a well-oiled engine or an assembly line . When they are not, then communication has broken down and things need fixingRead MoreEssay about Gm Motors Case Study2399 Words   |  10 PagesCASE STUDY REPORT The decisions and culture leading to the fall of General Motors CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.iii 1. INTRODUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 2. EXTERNAL FACTORS IN DECISION MAKING†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4-5 3. BOUNDED RATIONALITY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5-7 4. BUSINESS CULTURE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...7 a. The Power-Distance Relationship†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...7 b. Uncertainty Approach†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 5. THE CONFORMITY APPROACH†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...8-9 6Read MoreOnline Shopping Is More Effective Than Conventional Shopping1764 Words   |  8 Pagesand the way they worked, while time passed by in 2001 studies showed that 52 percent of online shoppers were women. Online shopping is a way that retailers could advertise their products and increase sales. Improving the way that we shop today and making it easier for the people. Online shopping is more effective than conventional shopping because it save consumers time, saves consumers energy and consumers would not be as pressured to purchase items. Topic Sentences Online shopping is more effectiveRead MoreStrategic Planning for Information Technology Essay3449 Words   |  14 PagesStrategic Planning for Information Technology Executive Summary Strategic planning for information technology is one component of an overall company vision for success. This analysis enables IT professionals to successfully define short and long-term goals and discover the resources necessary to realize such goals. To ensure success, the strategic plan should be developed in a thorough but rapid manner, consist of a brief, succinct compilation of analyzed data, and provide opportunitiesRead MoreTerm Paper4224 Words   |  17 Pages| | Executive Summary The need and effectiveness of corporate parenting has been the center of numerous strategic decisions discussions for a multi-business organization for a long time now. The existence of a corporate parent, the management level which is directly not a part of consumer-facing and profit-making business units, carries a cost to the entire business. These costs that include corporate overheads due to mismatch in synergies among the SBUs, delays in decision processes etc., doRead MoreEssay on Ta and Gestalt3196 Words   |  13 Pagesallow for clear understanding of the presenting issue, and the possible outcomes that could be approached with counselling. I will consider what I have learnt from this research, and what I could take into my future work. I will conclude with a brief summary. Firstly, I will begin by explaining the meaning of Transactional Analysis (TA), and the dynamics behind this. Eric Berne was the founder of ‘TA’ in the 1950’s. ‘TA’ is a theory of personality and social psychology within the humanistic traditionRead MoreAnalysis of Erik, Phantom of the Opera Using Two Contrasting Personality Theories4920 Words   |  20 Pagesand mentioned it to the Shah of Persia, who then ordered to have him brought to his palace. Erik soon proved to the Shah his knowledge in architecture, and the Shah commissioned him to design and build Mazenderan, an elaborate palace full of trap doors, hidden passages, and secret rooms such that no one could be certain of his/her privacy: someone would be listening or spying at anytime and anywhere. The Shah could practically vanish from a room in an instant and reappear elsewhere in utter secrecyRead MoreHow to Write a Business Report Essay18530 Words   |  75 Pagesreport . . . The ability to write reports is one of the most useful writing skills you can acquire. To be a good report writer means you must be competent at describing and analysing situations and people. A report is a powerful communication and decision-making tool in many business undertakings. It may be used to present the results of a special project or it may serve as a public relations exercise, such as in when social and environmental reports are published. In either case, how well the document

Tim OBrians How to Tell a True War Story of the Things...

The Tim O’Brian’s short story, â€Å"Sweetheart of the Song Tra Bong†, Mary Anne Bell is a rare illustration of the innocence that is lost. In her attractive sweater, unblemished pants and free spirited attitude, no one could seem more faultless. She was the definition of a true young American teenager or at least that’s what they all assumed at first. In the beginning of the story, she is something noticeable to both the soldiers and the reader: she was expected to be a normal American girl who wanted nothing more than a family. The story of her mutation into something different, a killer, mirrors the transformation of most of the soldiers. It is a well-known fact that war changes people; there is an innocence that is forever lost. They go†¦show more content†¦She was very naive because she had no glue what the future holds for her and how Vietnam will transform her, no one did. The more days Mary Anne spent in Vietnam the more she became interested in the culture of war discovering her curious nature. She would listen carefully to the stories she was told and was intrigued by the land and its mystery. Vietnam gave her a new strength, the ability to choose for herself where she would go and who she would become. Anne figuratively became â€Å"a different person†¦ there was a new confidence in her voice, a new authority in the way she carried herself†. As Vietnam empowered Mary Anne and gave her a new personality the men could not understand and they began to see an inequity in Mary Anne, but in a true war story there is no morality. Mary Anne was just doing what the men have always done. She stopped taking baths, and spent more of her time hunting and exploring Vietnam with the Greenies. Sometimes she would get so cut up with the forest and sleep out, leaving Mark Fossie hopeless. Mark was able to notice the changes occurring in Mary Anne, this s uddenly made him paranoid and extremely disturbed. Because Mark was not affected by the land like Anne was, he was unable to relate to Anne anymore because his way of viewing things, his perception and reality, is no longerShow MoreRelatedThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1621 Words   |  7 PagesTim O’Brien’s use of fictionalized writing in the delivery of â€Å"The Things They Carried† was the best writing style possible for a war story. Fiction, as opposed to a more conventional historical account, allows him to paint a more realistic portrayal of soldiers’ actual combat experience during the Vietnam conflict by use of imagery, real life accounts, and third person omniscient point of view. â€Å"The Things They Carried† is a story that I can personally relate to because of my service in the UnitedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Things They Carried 2036 Words   |  9 Pagesyear Tim O’Brien was sent to Vietnam. We can only imagine what it might feel like to face it: being so young, having so much ahead and being sent to some place, which might be the end. Definitely scary. An absolutely new absorbing environment, new companions, new you. I guess, â€Å"scary is the new black† in a green recruits life. The Things They Carried - is an offspring of Tim’s war experience. It is a shocking and hard-to-believe mixture of pain, love, friendship, loyalty and death. Is it true? Did

Deregulation Is The Underlying Cause Of The 2007 / 08...

Deregulation is a process that removing or reducing the regulations and allowing banks to invest (MBA lib, 2015). It allows banks to collaborate, and there’s no regulations of derivatives. The Financial crisis in 2007-2008 brought the massive hurt to everyone in the world. The worldwide financial problem affected thirty million people loosing their jobs and cause many countries getting close to go bankrupt (Peah, 2014). This is the global issue that everyone should be consider of. The purpose of this essay is to determine if the deregulation was the underlying cause of the 2007/08 financial crisis. The essay argues the deregulation was the underlying cause of the 2007/08 financial crisis in the US, because of it causes financial innovations with no regulations, subprime mortgages increasing and lead quite a few competitions among banks. I will discuss these three parts in the following essay. Firstly, I would focus on how deregulation causes more and more financial innovations be made and how they resulted the financial crisis. Then I will argue that deregulation leads to the numbers of subprime mortgages increased in the market. Due to deregulation the subprime mortgages markets started to lose control, the market failed and caused the financial crisis in 2007/08. Finally, I will state deregulation causes banks began multiple competitions among them and raised the amount of subprime mortgages thus the financial crisis occurred. Deregulation, as the beginning of the essayShow MoreRelatedThe Financial Crisis Of 2007-20091490 Words   |  6 PagesThe financial crisis of 2007-2009 resulted from a variety of external factors and market incentives, in combination with the housing price bubble in the United States. When high levels of bank and consumer leverage appeared, rising consumption caused increasingly risky lending, shown in the laxity in the standard of securities screening and riskier mortgages. As a consequence, the high default rate of these risky subprime mortgages incurred the burst of the housing bubble and increased defaultsRead MoreFinancial Crisis And Its Effects On The World Economy1467 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Between the years of 2007 to 2008, the world was faced with a major financial meltdown with global market failures and economies in shambles. The emergence of subprime mortgages and the collapse of securitized derivatives led to much speculation of different causes. What was the root factor that led to the triggering of this financial crisis? This research conducts a comparative analysis of my research and beliefs on the cause of the crisis contrary to other researchers’ conclusions. ItRead MoreEnron And Its Impact On Enron s Downfall Essay1492 Words   |  6 Pagescapitalism and had a major impact on financial markets by causing significant losses to investors. Enron was a company ranked by Fortune as the most innovative company in the United States; it exemplified the transition from the production to the knowledge economy. Many lessons can we learn from its collapse. In this paper we present an analysis of the factors that contributed to Enron’s rise and failure, un derlying the role that energy deregulation and manipulation of financial statements played on Enron’sRead Morelending market and its aftermath reflec Essays4750 Words   |  19 Pageson the bubble housing crisis. Describe the stages of the bubble for the aliber-paradigm. Using the paradigm to explain problems in stock market and housing bubble burst. The Leir Center For Financial Bubble Research Working Paper #1 THE KINDLEBERGER-ALIBER-MINSKY PARADIGM AND THE GLOBAL SUBPRIME MORTGAGE MELTDOWN William V. 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Jain Parinita Jhawar (261) Mr. Sharad Kothari Romi Kansara (267) Faculty in-charge Sanjana Khanna (268) M.B.A.-M.B.L. (III Sem) ------------------------------------------------- INTRODUCTION In an increasingly interdependent financial world the recent Global Economic Crisis has had a cascading effect on the economies across nations. The crisis also impactedRead MoreInternational Capital Movement12205 Words   |  49 Pagescountries like India to achieve accelerated economic growth. International financial institutions routinely advise developing countries to adopt policy regimes that encourage capital inflows. Since the introduction of the reform process in the early 1990s, India has witnessed a significant increase in capital inflows. The size of net capital inflows to India increased from US $ 7.1 billion in 1990-91 to US $ 108.0 billion in 2007-08. 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December 8, 2012 Table of Contents The Great Recession of 2008 and the Dawn of Dodd-Frank †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 The History of Financial Reform in the United States †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..

Vulnerabilities Amoung Poor Women and Children - 1260 Words

I wish to discuss about women and children being the most endangered amongst the poor. In the essay, I will analyze their problems, examine their susceptibility to poverty and discuss on how to eradicate or reduce to the barest women these issues. Women and children are the most susceptible class amidst the poverty stricken because of the following reasons - they do not have opportunities to access essential social services such as education and health, lower or no recruitment chances, no access to loan facilities and they are usually excluded from society, war and natural calamities such as the Rwandan genocide, floods, and earthqu akes amongst other examples . UNIFEM: 2000 recognized ‘that the disparity amongst men and women entangled in the wheel of impoverishment has continuously increased in the past decade, a prodigy generally referred to as the ‘feminization of poverty’. The specific problems faced by poor women are lack of resources as a consequence of their earning less salary than men even if they possess the same eligibity and work for the same total number of hours, they are restricted to jobs that pays meager salaries such as cooks, cleaners, nannies, secretaries etc, they spend extra hours providing voluntary care giving than men especially in the African culture where it is imposed on the woman that if any family member is indisposed, it is her responsibility to cater for that person, they carry the major responsibility of bringing up children child

A Raisin in the Sun Free Essays

â€Å"America has given the Negro people a bad check† , this is thoroughly shown, along with other themes, throughout both A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. ’s â€Å"I Have A Dream† speech. We will write a custom essay sample on A Raisin in the Sun or any similar topic only for you Order Now Before the civil rights movement, and for some time after, blacks were given the short end of the stick, they had to fight for their dreams and they had to fight against racism. They were given next to nothing but they were still expected to ask the whites to â€Å"forgive [them] for ever wanting to be anything at all! (p. 27). The ideas between the two works blend together very well and very easily that one of the biggest differentiations is the attitudes of the white people towards the blacks. Dreams are an incredibly monumental part of every person, they are what shapes them and guides them, and Hansberry and King both experienced a time when it was unbelievably difficult for blacks to achieve those dreams because the means necessary to reach them just weren’t available for black people. A Raisin in the Sun is full of dreams, Ruth dreams for a nice house for her family to live in, Beneatha dreams to become a doctor and do one of the most concretely good things that a person can do for another, Walter dreams of owning a liquor store and the financial security and independence he would achieve through that, and Mama dreams that future generations will have a better life. However, people don’t always think of how their dreams can influence them, the Youngers’ dreams and their attainment, or lack thereof, is directly related to the happiness and depression of the family. King’s dream was very similar to Mama’s, better things for the future, more opportunities, that blacks and whites would be able to sit â€Å"at the table of brotherhood†? together. All of Dr. King’s dreams have a common root, the abolition of racial discrimination. â€Å"The Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination†? , and while the chains are merely symbolic they may was well be literal. Fighting racial discrimination is the center of both pieces of literature, the people who support it, knowingly or unknowingly, are oppressing the blacks and making them feel like they didn’t belong anywhere. Around the Civil Rights Movement, black people didn’t feel like they had a home, their families had been in North America for centuries and because of that they felt absolutely no connection to Africa, the place that they were being told was their home, and they were being told and shown that they weren’t American either because of all the basic rights that were being taken away from them. They just wanted to â€Å"rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice†. And that was something that the Younger family was almost deprived of when they wanted to move to Clybourne Park, Mr.  Lindner came and told them that †our Negro families are happier when they live in their own communities† (p. 165). White people weren’t even being subtle with their racial discrimination; they had committees to make sure that black people knew that they weren’t welcome. Dr. King’s speech is all about trying to eradicate racism and so that people were not â€Å"judged by the colour of their skin but by the content of their character†?. In today’s society we are always told to do just that, do not judge a book by its cover, and it almost seems like fiction to think that an entire race was judged merely by how they look. The black people just wanted to be able to enter the â€Å"oasis of freedom and justice† , and the people around them were the ones who were going to have to make all the changes. In A Raisin in the Sun the white people clearly want nothing to do with the black people unless the blacks are doing the menial jobs that very few white people were willing to do, such as be drivers for the rich whites or clean their houses for very little pay, and the white people would get offended if the black people asked for a raise, after all the blacks should be grateful that the whites even considered giving them a job. However, when Dr. King made his speech there were white people in the crowd as well as black people. The white people knew that a change was coming and they were ready for the change because they thought that it would make things better, and Dr. King even acknowledges them while he is speaking, â€Å"many of our white brothers, as evidence by their presence here today, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny. †? Between the speech and the play there is only about a decade of time between them, but the attitudes of the white people couldn’t be more different. Dreams, racism, and attitude are all substantially influential components to a society, and are certainly shown in both A Raisin in the Sun and â€Å"I Have A Dream†. And while racial discrimination has not been completely abolished from society, when A Raisin in the Sun first came out it gave incredible insight into how similar blacks were to whites, and when Dr. King gave his speech the Civil Rights Movement took off. Even though the blacks were given a â€Å"bad check†? their refusal â€Å"to believe that the bank of justice [was] bankrupt† made all the difference. How to cite A Raisin in the Sun, Essay examples A Raisin in the Sun Free Essays Lorraine Hansberry was a first black woman, whose play was staged on Broadway. She was born in 1930, and in 1959 her best known play. A Raisin in the Sun, was first staged. We will write a custom essay sample on A Raisin in the Sun or any similar topic only for you Order Now It brought her awards and fame, as the audience liked her style, and the fact that she wrote about individuals, people who had the courage to defend their opinions. The writer died of cancer when she was 34, which cut her promising career. Objective Summary Youngers, an Afro-American family living in Chicago, receive the insurance check for 10,000$. every member of the family has some plans for this money. Mama, who is the eldest in the family, wants a bigger house, Walter Lee, her son thinks about investing a liquor store, Beneatha, Walter’s sister wants to pay for her medical school tuition, while Walter’s wife, Ruth, agrees with Mama. In some time Ruth finds out she’s pregnant, and tells her husband she is thinking about abortion. When Mama hears this, she puts a down payment on a house, which is in the white neighborhood. But when the future neighbors hear, that Youngers are black, they offer them money for staying away, but the family refuses this deal, even despite the fact that Walter loses the rest of the money, as his friend Willy Harris, who persuaded Walter to invest in a liquor story runs with his money. Beneatha gets the marriage proposal from Joseph Asagai, her boyfriend from Nigeria, who wants her to graduate medical school and move to Nigeria with him. Beneatha can’t make her choice. The family moves out from their old apartment, feeling that they are strong enough to fulfill their dreams by themselves. Subjective Evaluation The play is an interesting and useful reading as it tells about people for whom money are not the goal, it’s rather a way to reach their aims. Each of the members of the Youngers family has his/her dream, and they are ready to fight for it, and this dream isn’t having lots of money. Will Beneatha be able to leave her family and her life in the U.S for to move to Nigeria with Joseph? How to cite A Raisin in the Sun, Papers A Raisin In the Sun Free Essays Mama’s Dream Dreams are fantasies made up of images from your mind. Everybody has their nightmares, and dreams that sometimes come true in A Raisin In the Sun , by Lorraine Handlebars. The Younger family are African Americans, who struggle with economics. We will write a custom essay sample on A Raisin In the Sun or any similar topic only for you Order Now Mama’s American Dream is she wants to use her husbands insurance to help her family. Mama’s dream is affected by her personality traits of being caring, religious, and determined. One personality trait that affects her dream is her compassion. When mama says, â€Å"Come on now, honey. You need to lie down and rest a while†¦ Then have some nice hot food (pig PAGE). Mama shows her compassion to help her daughter feel better. Compassion affects Mama’s dream by Another trait that strongly affects Mama’s dream is her being religious. When Mama says, â€Å"Now don’t you start child. Its being too early in the morning to be talking about money. It anti Christian, Mama ( pig 41 She illustrates how she feels money should not be more important than family. Mama’s religiousness affects her dream by Walter said, † Where did you go this afternoon? † and Mama replied, â€Å"l went downtown to tend some business I had to tend to. † (pig 90) Mama demonstrates that as a mother she is devoted to always work so, the money earned can help the Younger and to buy her dream house. Mama’s determination affects her dream by not ever giving up to strive for her goals. Without Mama’s personality traits she would not have gotten her dream. How to cite A Raisin In the Sun, Papers A Raisin in the Sun Free Essays The play and the production of A Raisin in the Sun are comparable in multiple ways. After reading the play and watching the movie, there are many things that don’t exactly match up to one another causing the audience to develop a bias about several things that could use some reviewing. With all intentions, Hansberry worked delicately to choose the right actors to fit the parts in the movie production. We will write a custom essay sample on A Raisin in the Sun or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although Hansberry had good intentions when choosing the actors, acting is one of those things that she should consider reviewing for some characters in the movie. Mama is one character that had great acting qualities. She was the typical grandmother in both the play and the movie. She carried all the right qualities in her acting. In the movie she was dressed appropriately as a grandmother wearing a dress, an apron, a hat with a flower on it, and her hair tied up â€Å"old timey†. She was a somewhat large framed woman and had all of the traits one would think of when thinking of a grandmother at this time. Not only did Mama’s appearance fit the description, so did her voice; literally and symbolically. She had her heart in place for the good of the family, especially Travis. Mama also spoke from wisdom and the heart. She had been through a lot throughout her life and not only spoke from the heart but, acted from the heart. Mama presented herself in a â€Å"grandmotherly† way by acting from the heart and portrayed the true actions of a grandmother, just as she was depicted in the play. Ruth is another character who presented herself in the movie production as she was presented in the play. Ruth was very constant in her acting and transitioned smoothly throughout her lines. Her acting ways and appearance also fit her character nicely. Just as a housewife and a mom in the 1960’s, Ruth wore a dress and an apron, just as Mama did, she was up before anybody else in the house was, and she cleaned, cooked, and fulfilled every responsibility as a housewife and mother. Many times, Ruth had to bite her tongue although there were many things she wanted to say. She moved through these lines just as if it were a real situation between a mother-in-law and daughter-in –law. Ruth’s acting was just as society would expect it to be and just as Hansberry intended for it to be. Unfortunately, the same characteristics of Mama and Ruth cannot be described in Walter and Beneatha. In the movie production, Walter and Beneatha gave the audience the impression that they were just reading their lines and performing their parts. They did not put their hearts into performing and give the audience the intuition that the play was an actual situation. Walter’s voice had a mechanical tone to it, giving no emotion, just as if it were recorded. When walking and moving throughout the apartment, Walter moved as if he were a robot with the exception of when he was dancing and jumping on the kitchen table. Although Walter didn’t put hardly any emotion into his performance, Beneatha had some emotion behind her performance. With the little emotion Beneatha did have, she did not do much with it. She too, sounded mechanical. Her peak of emotion was when she wore her African dress she received from a friend. There was not enough emotion acting between to the two to be equivalent to the emotion behind Mama or Ruth’s acting. There are multiple things that Hansberry could do to improve the quality of Walter and Beneatha’s acting. Mama and Ruth gave the audience a sense that the play was taking place in real life. Walter and Beneatha on the other hand, gave an impression that it was just another play that they had to perform. To make better characters of Walter and Beneatha, Hansberry should consider adding some emotion in their acting. A little bit of tone changing is all that it would take to give the audience an entirely different impression of their characters. Their voices stay at a constant tone almost throughout the entire play. Also adding more movement throughout the apartment and easier transitions would make the play flow smoother. With all of the elements that Hansberry could work on to improve the quality of the characters, tone of voice would be one overall element that would change the movie tremendously. Hansberry had many intentions when choosing the characters for the movie production of A Raisin in the Sun. Regrettably; I have to say that Walter and Beneatha are the ones that did not meet the quality in acting that Mama and Ruth did. Small things like tone of voice and transitions are elements that could be changed to improve their acting qualities vastly. When choosing actors for a movie production after presenting a written play, a producer has to look for certain qualities. After reading a play, an audience develops certain expectations for the movie production and to be successful, a producer has to follow through with those expectations. Unfortunately, Hansberry didn’t quite follow through with the expectations in the movie production that she set in the written play. Even though Walter and Beneatha’s acting didn’t quite meet the standards of Mama and Ruth’s acting, a little review of their acting skills could change their characters to boring to the most interesting and enthusiastic characters. How to cite A Raisin in the Sun, Essay examples A Raisin in the Sun Free Essays Lorraine Hansberry’s play â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun,† was a radically new representation of black life, resolutely authentic, fiercely unsentimental, and unflinching in its vision of what happens to people whose dreams are constantly deferred. I compared Act One, Scene 2, in the play and the film. The setting in the play is on a Saturday morning, and house cleaning is in process at the Youngers. We will write a custom essay sample on A Raisin in the Sun or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the film, the setting is the same as play, with lighting and costumes. The plot in the play is when Mrs. Younger gets the insurance check of $10,000. In the film, the plot is the same, but includes music not mentioned in the play. The dialogue in the film has some deletions from the original text, with new dialogue added throughout the scene. Some film techniques used are: the film cuts back and forth to different characters, the room is well lit with the sunshine coming in through the window, and music is added throughout some parts of this scene. Perhaps the biggest difference between the play and the film in this scene involves dialogue. Much of the dialogue is deleted, however, new dialogue is added through some parts of this scene. Also, in the play, the mailman comes up to their apartment and rings the door bell unlike the film, Travis runs up to him outside the building and gets the mail from him right away and runs back to give it to Mrs. Younger (his grandma). I also compared Act Two, Scene 1, in the play and the film. The setting in the play is later, that same day at the Youngers. In the film, the setting is the same as play, with lighting and costumes. The plot in the play is when Mama, Mrs. Younger, buys Travis a new house for when he gets older to be a man. In the film, the plot is the same as play with music added to parts of this scene. The dialogue in the film has some lines rephrased and also has some deletions from the original text; new dialogue is added throughout parts of this scene. Some film techniques used in this scene are: the room is brightly lit with lamps and other light fixtures, the film cuts back and forth to different characters and the camera seems to move alone with the characters as they did, and music is added throughout parts of this scene. Perhaps the biggest difference between the play and the film in this scene involves dialogue. Much of the dialogue is rephrased and not said as the author has written it in the play. And also, some of the dialogue from the original text is deleted, however, new dialogue is added. And also, unlike the film, a lot of the actions the author has described in the play did not happen in the film. Such as, on page 91 as Ruth says â€Å"Praise God! the author describes that she raises both arms classically, and as she tells Walter Lee to be glad, the author describes she has laid her hands on his shoulders, but he shakes himself free of her roughly, without turning to face her, these actions did not happen in the film. I also had compared Act Two, Scene 3, in the play and the film. The setting in the play is on a Saturday, moving day, one week later. In the film, the setting is the same as the play, with lighting and costumes. The plot in the play is Linder tries to buy back the house from the Younger family. In the film, the plot is the same as the play. The dialogue in the film has some deletions from play; new dialogue is added in replacement of the deleted dialogue. Some film techniques used in this scene are: the film cuts back and forth to different characters, and the room is well lit with the sunshine coming in through the window. Perhaps the biggest difference between the play and the film in this scene also involves dialogue. The dialogue in this scene is mostly faithful to the play but has some deletions. On the other hand, new dialogue was added in replacement of the deleted lines from the original text. How to cite A Raisin in the Sun, Essay examples

Individual Positivism free essay sample

Positivism emerged towards the end of the nineteenth century, and sought to oppose traditional, Classical ways of criminological thinking. The theory tended to look at crime scientifically, in order to produce facts based around the key causes of crime and so, they could attempt to truly understand what kind of people offend and for what reasons. Offenders and offending behaviour had been understood before as voluntary concepts, where people had free will and the choice to commit crime (or not to). Positivists began to observe crime as a more deterministic concept and challenged whether or not people really do choose to offend. Moreover, the overall and fundamental view of an Individual Positivist is that those who become involved in crime or deviance are characteristically different to those who abide by the law. The theory, also known as Eugenics is a primarily, biologically based theory that claims that criminality is individualistic, i. We will write a custom essay sample on Individual Positivism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page e. crime is committed mainly by individuals as opposed to those in groups. These theorists put forward the notion that certain idiosyncrasies – either physical or psychological – are similar in those who are criminal, and those who are not in turn, will not fit this particular criteria. Physical attributes such as, having ‘darker skin’ or ‘larger ears’ were believed by Cesare Lombroso to be influential factors for involvement in crime and deviance. (2006) (companion refs) Lombroso believed that there was an â€Å"in-born criminality† in criminals. He called them â€Å"atavistic† with features more akin to â€Å"savages†, a view held by many positivists. Other developments in this psychological approach found that even the size of the human brain is a determinant factor for criminal behaviour. (2008) (companion) Eysenck furthers this argument by saying that someone’s IQ level can determine their criminality. He backs this up by highlighting statistics that display Chinese or Asian people being the most intelligent people in the world population, with White people coming second in the ranks and Black people were claimed to be the least intelligent. This data reflects the ratio of the prison population and shows in his opinion, how criminal behaviour can be linked to intelligence levels. This view has been criticised however, because it has been highlighted that say for example, if an IQ test is generated by White people then White people will find the test relatively easier in comparison with if it was made up by Black or Chinese people. It is argued that IQ tests are culturally biased, e. g. A question might ask â€Å"Knife is to Fork as Cup is to†¦? † The answer is ‘Saucer,’ but this should not be expected to be a universally known answer, as eating and drinking habits vary enormously in differing countries and cultures. As such characteristics are inherited or acquired beyond anyone’s control, Individual Positivists would claim that the most beneficial way of preventing crime is to treat or rehabilitate criminals and ‘fix’ or ‘normalise’ their minds, so to speak. Coleman and Norris (2000) believe that in focusing on the characteristics and abnormalities and through discovering the causes which distinguish a criminal from a normal person, individual positivism allows for, and is a more humane and effective way of controlling crime.

Unique Identification Card free essay sample

UID – A TRANSFORMATIONAL INITIAVE OR A PIPE DREAM Statement of the Problem 1. This research paper seeks to study and analyse the Unique Identification Card project to bring out relevant aspects of the project which make it a unique project from Indian perspective, its benefits as also the current challenges/ barriers faced by the Indian government. The paper also seeks to develop a road map for its successful implementation in the Indian scenario. Hypothesis 2. The Unique Identification number (Aadhaar), which identifies individuals uniquely on the basis of their demographic information and biometrics will give individuals the means to clearly establish their identity to public and private agencies across the country. It is believed that Unique National IDs will help address the rigged state elections and widespread embezzlement that affects subsidies and poverty alleviation programs such as NREGA. Though there are many potential privacy fallouts of this project, not the least of which is triggered by the Governments official plan to link the databases together. We will write a custom essay sample on Unique Identification Card or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The real fear is access to such a data would give the government a free hand to profiling, segmenting and targeting a sect, group or religion. This could lead to dangerous consequences. However, it is unique and robust enough to eliminate the large number of duplicate and fake identities in government and private databases. Through UID, tracking of individuals becomes easy. All information collected by UIDAI will be easily accessible to intelligence agencies such as the Intelligence Bureau (IB) and the Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) through the National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID) which will avert any nefarious intentions of anti national elements. Hence, it is in the interest of the country to implement the project after resolving various contentious issues involved in the project and protect privacy of each individual and individual’s fundamental right to life with dignity guaranteed by the constitution. Topic 1. UID – A Pipe Dream. Statement of the Problem 2. To study and analyse the problems involved in implementation of UID proj. Hypothesis 3. The UID project is a blatant case of infringement of civil liberties. Biometric cards invade privacy and as such are a violation of the fundamental right to life with dignity guaranteed by the constitution. There is exactly no strong edifice of biometrics on which this mega-structure is to be constructed. Patterns of iris change with age, disease and health; fingerprints can easily be tapped and copied. A register of more than 100 million identities sounds a distant dream. Its a herculean task to build such a colossal database. It is a critical piece of information infrastructure that has to come in place. So far, the project has seen less of IT and infrastructure building and more of politics. Advocated as the biggest step towards social development, the project requires efficient planning at the granule level. 4. The real fear is access to such a data would give the government a free hand to profiling, segmenting and targeting a sect, group or religion. This could lead to dangerous consequences. This data, if slipped into the hands of corporates, could be used to serve various purposes. 5. Thus UID seems to be a distant dream which is unlikely to find ground in the present Indian scenario. Unique Identification Card A Transformational Initiative or A Pipe Dream : A case study from India Scenario Research Objectives 1. To understand the uniqueness of UID projects in India in comparison with other such projects worldwide To understand the current status of UID projects in India 2. To assess the current challenges / barriers faced by the Indian government 3. To understand its benefits from consumer based study 4. To develop a road map for its sucessfull implementation

Anatotitan Facts and Figures

Anatotitan Facts and Figures Name: Anatotitan (Greek for giant duck); pronounced ah-NAH-toe-TIE-tan Habitat: Woodlands of North America Historical Period: Late Cretaceous (70-65 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 40 feet long and 5 tons Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Large size; broad, flat bill About Anatotitan It took paleontologists a long time to figure out exactly what type of dinosaur Anatotitan was. Since the discovery of its fossil remains in the late 19th century, this giant plant-eater has been classified in various ways, sometimes going by the now-unfashionable names Trachodon or Anatosaurus, or considered a species of Edmontosaurus. However, in 1990, a convincing case was presented that Anatotitan deserved its own genus in the family of large, herbivorous dinosaurs known as hadrosaurs, an idea that has since been accepted by most of the dinosaur community. (A newer study, however, insists that the type specimen of Anatotitan was really a superannuated specimen of Edmontosaurus, hence its inclusion in the already-named species Edmontosaurus annectens.) As you might have guessed, Anatotitan (giant duck) was named after its broad, flat, duck-like bill. However, one shouldnt take this analogy too far: the beak of a duck is a very sensitive organ (a bit like human lips), but Anatotitans bill was a hard, flat mass used mainly to dig up vegetation. Another odd feature of Anatotitan (which it shared with other hadrosaurs) is that this dinosaur was capable of running clumsily on two legs when it was chased by predators; otherwise, it spent most of its time on all four feet, munching peacefully on vegetation.

An Explanation of Altruism in Primate Social Behavior essays

An Explanation of Altruism in Primate Social Behavior essays Altruism is one of the most mysterious social behaviors in the world. Altruism is defined as behavior that increases, on average, the reproductive fitness of others at the expense of the fitness of the altruist. Fitness simply means the expected number of offspring. When an organism gives up the advancement of its own fitness for the fitness advancement of another organism in the population, it seems somewhat illogical. However, from the articles Ive read, survival of the fittest and natural selection, in reference to an entire species or population, is often dependent on the altruistic actions of others in a population. Another concept learned from studying journals regarding altruism is that altruistic behavior is far more complex than normally thought. Altruism can be traced throughout the evolution of many species, especially primates. It has been a focal point in the research of many natural scientists, anthropologists and biologists alike. The four articles I chose to analyze and explain altruism in the realm of primate social behavior were A mechanism for social selection and successful altruism, Varieties of altruism - and the common ground between them, The pursuit of human nature in sociobiology and evolutionary sociology, and Unto Others: The Evolution and Psychology of Unselfish Behavior. These four journals each give a different perspective and different concepts on the behavior known as altruism. A mechanism for social selection and successful altruism was written by Herbert Simon and published in Science, a recognized academic journal. The journal takes a rational approach to analyzing and reasoning the reason for altruism in primate social behavior. It basically says that within the framework of Darwinism and natural selection, with its focus on fitness, it has been hard to account for altruism, behavior that reduces the fitness of the altruist but...

Learning Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words - 1

Learning Theories - Essay Example Learning Theories Learning involves various aspects, including motivation, environment, attitudes of learners, and other factors (Ryan, Cooper & Tauer, 2010). In order to promote learning, teachers should look into the different aspects that affect learning. As a teacher, I see to it that learners are well motivated, the environment is conducive for learning, students are relaxed and comfortable, and they receive enough time to rehearse and apply the concepts or skills learned. Putting all these considerations together, I would say that I combine three approaches to learning. These approaches include behaviorism, constructivism, and cognitivism. However, I lay more emphasis on behaviorism because it guides me in my classroom management. There cannot be any learning if a classroom is not managed. Classroom management is one aspect that a behaviorist teacher focuses on. Students have different personalities but when they come to school, they act in uniformity according to the policies and regulations set by the school and its teachers. Establishing classroom rules is thus the first step to a well-managed classroom. Teachers should make it a point to establish rules at the beginning of the year and have them posted. In particular, classroom rules may be memorized by students and recited as part of routines. Rules may be posted on the bulletin board to remind students of their responsibility. In terms of assignments, it is best to make contracts for parents or guardians to sign. There should be an assignment notebook where students will write all their assignments. The teacher signs the assignment page, whether it was completed or not, and students will ask their parents to countersign the page so as to monitor students’ effort in doing their assignments. Practicing routines is another beneficial aspect of the behaviorist classroom. Routines help to make students become organized individuals. Students who learn routines in school will learn to keep a routine at home and eventually, in their professional field. With routines, performance and processes will be perfected. As part of everyday routine, students should greet the teacher and their classmates, check attendance by counting off (each should be assigned a class number), recite classroom rules, and report current news. The re porting of current events should be done in turns, based on the class number. These routine activities are supposed to prepare students for the day ahead, and to condition them to behave the way they should in school. Setting the mood of students is a must in the behaviorist classroom. In every lesson, the teacher should always give students some idea on what to expect for the day. This gets the students in the mood for activities, games, etc. For example, if the teacher says, â€Å"Today, we will play a game.† The students will know how to behave or react, and they will respond accordingly to the situation. If some serious activities need to be accomplished, then the teacher could say, â€Å"

Social Engineering Attacks and Counterintelligence Case Study

Social Engineering Attacks and Counterintelligence - Case Study Example Social engineering is seen to mostly rely on people’s innate inability to effectively keep up with the current culture that heavily relies on information technology, this essentially refers to the fact that most persons happen to not be well aware of the actual value of the information that they happen to possess and are therefore rather careless about its protection (Rouse, 2006). It is not uncommon for most social engineers to try and search dumpsters in a bid to try and obtain valuable information, engage in the memorizing of access codes by essentially looking over someone else’s shoulder in a technique that is commonly referred to as shoulder surfing, or taking full advantage of people’s natural inclination to constantly choose passwords that happen to be meaningful to them and can be easily guessed (Rouse, 2006). Most Security experts have taken to proposing that as the modern day culture continues to become ever more dependent on information, it is increas ingly evident that social engineering will ultimately remain as the greatest threat to any possible security system. What is Counterintelligence? According to Hawkins (1997), counterintelligence has actually been around for as long as espionage has been. Traditionally, counterintelligence has mainly been thought of only in the context of solely attempting to counter human espionage efforts. However, modern counterintelligence is designed to be a multi-disciplinary effort and can be defined as being the detection and effective neutralization of the activities and opportunities of a given competitor with the sole objective of gaining proprietary advantage over a certain given organization by using a raft of unethical and illegal methods. Competitors can be identified as being anything from a local or foreign business enterprise or individual to a foreign government. Hawkins further notes that, over the past ten years, counterintelligence has been redefined by the United States federal government to counter more than the threat from human intelligence to now include imagery and signal intelligence collection. The Potential Implications of Social Engineering and Counter Intelligence in respect to the Leaked Iraq War Logs and Afghan War Diary It is probable that social engineering was primarily used to trick Bradley Manning who is the 22 year old U.S Army Intelligence analysis suspected of leaking an approximated over 700,000 secret government documents to the Wikileaks website. As such, it is seen that Manning may have been tricked into going beyond his already established user rights into divulging this information. The Wikileaks website owner Julian Assange is however seen to refuse to divulge exactly who it was that provided him with the leaked documents. To this end, it is seen that the United States counterintelligence efforts happened to experience a serious lapse in that such important and classified information could be copied and sent to an outside source unofficially. As a result of social engineering and inefficient counterintelligence efforts, the United States military is now seen to be exposed as the Pentagon claims that it is aware that a number of various terrorist organizations are currently actively engaged in mining the leaked Afghan War Diary documents in an effort to try and obtain

Crime and Society Essays criminal justice considerations

Crime and Society Essays criminal justice considerations INTRODUCTION the problems of society become most visible when change occurs, and recent decades have brought immense social and economic changes (Pampel, 2000: 52). This can be revealed most clearly in the sociological aspects of youth crime. However, it has also been claimed that social policy should evaluate how policies impact on peoples lives (Blakemore, 1998: 5). Durkheim noted that society works best when it exercises control over individuals (Pampel, 2000: 72). Acceptable behaviour is enforced through law and morality which is maintained through rules and principles: the cement of society (Devlin cited in Elliott and Quinn, 1998: 449). This cement illustrates legal moralism that has been identified as socially significant (Cotterrell, 1989, Page 1). Accordingly, an analysis of laws conceptual structures (Cotterrell, 1989, Page 3) could be ascertained and the importance of shared values emphasised, ultimately influencing individuals behaviour (Pampel, 2000, Page 57). This has been reflected in a decline of organic solidarity, differentiating societys collective conscience, and thereby creating an environment for an increase in crime. This philosophy of inter-related support has been recognised as structural functionalism which, taken to extremes, acknowledges that poverty and crime are normal and natural functions within any healthy society (Pampel, 2000, Page 75). The rule of law should represent the ideal of a universal goodness exhibiting no negative impact on any given society, and no negative characteristics that could apply to its nature according to Thompson (Thompson, 1975, Page 266). Unfortunately, it appears to be this concept that has swung too far in the favour of societys miscreants, to the detriment of their victims, the communities in which these offenders live, and the weaker members of society, prompting the current debate on victims rights and David Blunketts intentions to re-address the balance to deliver real justice to victim s and the wider community (Blunkett, 2002b). This essay evaluates the wider issues surrounding the criminal justice system, social policy and how feminism and the study of gender impacts on these sectors. Classicism and positivism are particularly relevant to any study of criminology and lead to an introduction of criminological theories which attempt to put feminism into the context of social policy within the criminal justice sector. Crimes amongst the youth might also be considered to be a reflection of the current social trends and this facet has briefly been evaluated in terms of social environment. The conclusion summarises many details introduced in this essay. 2. DISCUSSION 2.1 Definitions of crime The Royal Commission on Criminal Justice was set up to: examine the effectiveness of the criminal justice system in England and Wales in securing the conviction of those guilty of criminal offences and the acquittal of those who are innocent (Zander, in Martin, 1998). The Runciman Commission made 352 recommendations in 1993, from police investigations to disclosure of evidence (Field and Thomas, 1994 cited in James and Raine, 1998: 40). All aspects of the criminal justice system came under scrutiny, with 600 organisations contributing to its evidence (Martin, 1998: 115). During this period, the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994, the Criminal Appeal Act 1995 and the Criminal Procedure and Investigation Act 1996 were all implemented, with varying interpretations and capricious emphases which altered according to Management changes. Pampel observes, however, that: the problems of society become most visible when change occurs, and recent decades have brought immense social and economic changes (Pampel, 2000: 52). Durkheim, meanwhile, noted that society works best when it exercises control over individuals (Pampel, 2000: 72) with Weber maintaining that: societies work more smoothly when the use of power has legitimacy in the eyes of both the rulers and the ruled (Pampel, 2000: 113). Deterrence, retribution, rehabilitation and incapacitation constitute the four major theories of punishment. Deterrence aims to reduce crime through threat of punishment, or through its example. The concept is that the experience of punishment would create an impact unpleasant enough to prevent any further offence. Penalties are established to prevent crime being contemplated, with the idea that the example of unpleasant consequences would make potential criminals reconsider any future offence. Retribution requires an offender to contribute community-based endeavours through proportionality related to the crimes committed. The concept involves cleaning the slate through enforced labour to account to society for any misdemeanour. With the intention of better justice through more consistent sentencing, the White Paper preceding the Criminal Justice Act 1991 suggested that convicted criminals get their just deserts (HMSO, 1990a). This concept does actually limit the States power through limiting exemplary sentences, achieving parity when two offenders receive similar punishments for similar crimes. The National Victim Support Programme was considered a way forward with respect to societys acceptance of restorative justice but both of the major political parties have pursued half formed and in many ways half hearted policies in relation to victims of crime. There is little indication of change in this area (Newburn and Crawford, 2002: 117). Conformity through inner positive motivation exemplifies the theory of rehabilitation, although it has been criticised for disparity in proportionality. The concept is not based on the degree of offence committed or focused on the criminals past, but on future rehabilitation to preclude re-offending through changes of circumstances. Conversely, incapacitation recognises that some offenders fail to respond to deterrence or rehabilitation and continue to commit crimes as and when an opportunity to do so presents itself. For criminals with this mindset the only option is protective sentencing to prevent further crimes being committed, thereby punishing the offender for crimes committed with a further implication of punishment for future crimes that could be envisaged if released. An equally important part of restorative justice must be in measures to prevent crimes being committed. Funding of 6 million has been invested in a Government programme to reduce crime. Some of these measures include restorative justice, enforcement of financial penalties, CCTV initiatives, treatment of offenders, youth inclusion initiatives, targeting policies and intervention work in schools To be effective in developing suitable policies the criminal justice system need to approach the problem from different angles simultaneously, and adopt a policy of co-operation and co-ordination across all involved parties. Since the inception of the Regional Crime Squads (South cited in Maquire, 1994, 423), co-operation has existed across autonomous police forces, and surveillance intelligence squads can acquire information which, along with co-operation from the other agencies which make up the criminal justice system, can be collated and used to prevent some of the worst excesses of violen ce and crime erupting. Novick argues that the basis of the State is a need for a single and efficient protective association in a territory (McCoubrey White, 307) with Jacques considering that economic efficiency needs to be assessed in respect of its impact on human feelings, on community and on social relationships and the quality of life in society (Jacques, 1976, 15). Adjudication provides a formal mechanism for resolving disputes, with rules of change available to deal with new problems requiring further elucidation and rules of recognition involving prerogative powers and the sovereignty of Parliament. These rules do not account for those natural rules which acknowledge those inherent fundamental human rights. According to Finnis (2002), each individual is aware that deviation from societys code of behaviour would result in sanctions being applied to avoid injustice. The ethos Finnis applies to his explanation of retribution is considered to rectify the distribution of advantages and disadvantages b y depriving the convicted criminal of his freedom of choice in proportion to his unlawful act. Regardless of theories, an escalating scale of crimes continue to be committed, with 5.2 million offences recorded in England and Wales during 2000 (Recorded Crime, HMSO Press Release, 19/01/01) which, when compared to 3.87 million in 1989 and 479,40,018 in 1950, has an effect on long term projections in the prison population to 2008 (British Crime Survey 2001 2002). Evidence of this was exhibited when the disturbances in Strangeways prison took place in 1990, prompting the Woolf Report (Custody, Care and Justice, HMSO, 1991). It was published as a White Paper in 1991 and highlighted the relationship between overcrowding in prisons and the maintenance of control, promoting ongoing discussions about the aims of imprisonment. Meanwhile, the crime response and solving rate has fallen from 45% to 29% despite the number of police officers having increased from 63,100 to 126,500 (British Crime Survey 2001 2002). Maguire suggests that: increasing numbers of police officers, an increase in telephones making reporting easier, increasing use of insurance, and reduced levels of public tolerance to violence have all contributed (Maguire, cited in Croall, 1997). Stern recognises the system often precludes dedicated people from a more effective route of exacting retribution (Stern, 1989: 247). The diversity of ideas and practices associated with the restorative justice movement exemplify the difficulties associated with the concept. Johnstone (2003) highlights the paradigm of justice associated with practical experimentation that underlies the values and ideas which involve a number of models of theoretical law covering criminal and civil law together with restorative justice. The relevance of this earlier part of the essay reflects the ethos of restorative justice: this is not a new concept, nor can it be viewed in isolation. 2.2 Classicism, Positivism and Realism The divergence of positivism from its precursor, classicism, was described by Austin as a rule laid down for the guidance of an intelligent being by an intelligent being having power over him. (Austin, 1995: 9). Parallels with this concept can be illustrated within the feminist model whereby women were classed as irrational beings and of secondary importance to men. It has been acknowledged that criminological theories have been developed by men for men and attempts to categorise women offenders in accordance with these precepts fails to be applicable (Gelsthorpe and Morris, 1990: xii-8). In other words, men have acquired a dominant position in society. Left realism reflects this dominance. The ethos of left realism illustrates that certain types of behaviour that is more prevalent amongst the less powerful would be classed as criminal. Criminal laws were then introduced to reflect this concept. Rather than the criminal being regarded as an acquiescent offender, left realism would ha ve them portrayed as a victim of society. Furthermore, it is from the concept of left realism that the notion of a number of actors, involving the offender, the police, the victim and the criminal justice system has developed. Left realism distinguishes between a macro level of crime theory and a micro level, the former involving the sociological aspects and the latter a more micro level involving an individual and personal viewpoint of crime (Lilly, Cullen Ball, 1995) and takes into account the role of the victims of crime. Constraints on space preclude a detailed discussion on left and right realism, but an overview identifies four important factors which are regarded as being inter-related and which contribute to a holistic image of crime on both a micro level and a more integrated macro level (Young, 2002). The various theories, such as Labelling Theory, represent right realism and tend to focus on the offender and the reasons why they acted in the way they did. The emphasis on feminism within the field of criminology evolved through the ethos of left realism, where male dominance was recognised for its fundamental contributions to traditional criminological theories. A universal assumption relates to womens particular role within society and, accordingly, studies of women offenders are considered particularly relevant to the sociological facets such as morality and economic situations (Smart, 1976). It has been recorded that 84% of known offenders in 1984 were men, from which Heidensohn notes: Women commit a small share of all crimestheir crimes are fewer, less serious, more rarely professional, and less likely to be repeated (Heidensohn, 2002, 491). Furthermore, according to Barclay (1995, page 20), just 8% of women were convicted of an indictable offence from a population born in 1953 (cited in Heidensohn, 2002, 494). It must be noted that, whilst violence is most often perpetrated by men, 1 in 5 occurrences of violence against women were committed by other women (Coleman and Moynihan, 1996, page 97). According to Gelsthorpes model, however, any studies focusing on womens criminality often tend to focus on their gender rather than the crime itself (1986: 138 149), resulting in sweeping generalisations being made and an assumption that women are mad not bad (Lloyd, 1995: xvii cited in KeltaWeb, 2005). Taken further, it has been suggested that laws are constructed and enforced by men to the disadvantage of women (Burke, R, 2001). Criminology from the feminist perspective is exemplified through either liberal, radical, Marxist or socialist models, the latter also incorporating post-modernism and eco-feminism. The significance of the feminist stance within the criminal justice system relates partly to societys perception of their biological function and lack of rationality, in accordance with Lombrosos theories of atavism. This positive philosophy is a disparate variation from classicism, and was introduced into criminological theory by Lombroso, Ferri and Garofolo (Williams and McShane, 1991: 35) although it was noted that They failed to find the numbers of born female criminals marked by physical, atavistic traits which they anticipated (Heidensohn, 2002, page 492). Heidensohn notes, however, that the evidence of Lombroso and Ferreros work has survived whereas their equivalent rese arch relating to men did not (Heidensohn, 2002, page 493), although other research revealed the importance of sociological and environmental factors (Heidensohn, 2002, page 493). The distinct theories of classicism and positivism have been recognised in criminological studies as the two major hypotheses in the science of penology, conceding criminal anthropology as inherent in identifying criminals through their genetic structure, likening it to atavism (Lombroso, 1876). All people are considered equal according to classicist precepts and governments are created by those individuals to protect the peoples rights through the recognition of a social contract (McCoubrey and White, 1999: 60 84). Classicists aspire towards civil rights, realised through the law as a system of due process. It is this emphasis on the social contract that compounds the deviance as a moral offence against society. Punishment is proportional to the seriousness of the offence and can only be justified to preserve the social contract and deter others (Williams, 1997: 8). The constrained concept of Classicism identifies as autonomous a person who is the result of their environment. Positivism, however, has been documented as either internal, [assuming an atavistic involvement of the psychological or biological aspect], or a sociological aspect of positivism which is outside an individuals control (Burke, 2001: 272) and assumes a dependency in individuals. Positivists approach deviance from a scientific perspective which enables deviance to be rectified through a combination of power and knowledge. The correlation between positivism and criminological theory identified criminals through an inherent genetic structure, perceived as atavistic features edifying villainous characteristics which could be identified through isolationist principles and surveillance experiments and through case studies (Lombroso, [1876] in Williams and McShane, 1991: 35). These sociological studies exhibited a reciprocity which was attributed to a specific social order, deviation from which society recognised as a criminal act. Positivist theory attributed this deviation to an abnormality that could be treated, with the hypothesis suggesting that criminals could be reformed. As the final result was intended to protect society from harm, punishment was sanctioned to provide treatment, not to punish, with cognitive treatments involving group therapy sessions and the use of drug therapies to achieve these objectives. Conversely, Bentham and Beccaria propounded the classical theory of fundamental rights associated with natural law. Their utilitarian principles of autonomy, liberty and rationality acknowledged deviance as a rational act against the rules of society and from which these miscreants needed to be dissuaded through the application of punishments (Burke, 2001: 270). 2.3 Criminological Theories Hobbes observation of human actions being ultimately self-serving, including the concept of morality, related cognisance to a state of nature which guarantees the survival of the fittest. Classicists such as Hobbes, Bentham and Beccaria considered that deviance is an inherent characteristic in the psyche of all individuals (Gottfredson and Hirshi, 1990), displayed as an expression of human rationality towards the presence of bad laws (Beccaria, 1963). Beccaria suggested that punishments should be consistent and logical and bound within the legal system. From the basis on non-conformity to societys rules, deviance has been regarded as a miscreants response to temptation and the exercise of their power over others. Use of a structural method elucidates relationships between a hierarchy of individuals and groups which have been considered to be inherent within the structural approach to criminology and, equally important, societys reactions to criminal behaviour. Crime tends to exhibit specific reactions against deviance, evidence of which can be seen with the Labelling Theory (Lemert, 1967) which focuses attention on the hierarchical role of crimes in society. Control theory, meanwhile, unearths links between individuals and institutions, for example family background and upbringing and corresponding behavioural actions and reactions. Hagan relates this philosophy to what he terms the structural study of crime (Hagan, 1988: 3) and the Power-Control Theory which plays a significant role in explaining the social distribution of delinquent behaviour through the social reproduction of gender relations (Hagan, 1988: 1 287) and affects the social distribution of delinquency. Moreover, one important aspect of this theory is the ethics associated with crime and delinquency, for example, the effects of gender on criminality. Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990), meanwhile, suggest that classicism is revealed through the control theories which exhibit consequences painful to the individual. (Gottfredson and Hirschi 1990) Positivism in relation to criminology depended on the scale of rationality between free will and determinism according to precepts of Cesare Lombroso whose explanations of criminal behaviour resulted in the criminal born man or woman who exhibited physical attributes leading to their recognition as criminals, a situation not supported by Durkheim. Too many variables made Lombrosos theory precarious but his typologies were correlated between certain offenders committing certain kinds of crime (Gottfreddson and Hirschi 1990). A number of other theories exist to explain a psychological or sociological basis to the science of criminology. Bandura and Eysenk studied observational learning, conditioning and personality traits, whilst the Strain Theory and the Anomie Theory of Merton blame environmental pressures on deviance, with the Subculture Theory attributing lack of attainment to societys expectations to be at the heart of offending. 2.4 Sociological Aspects of Youth Crime Whilst all people might be considered equal according to classicist precepts, with governments created by those individuals to protect the peoples rights through the recognition of a social contract (McCoubrey and White, 1999, Page 60 84), David Blunkett singles out a specific sector of society by suggesting that: nearly three quarters of street crime offenders are under 17 and a hard core five per cent of juveniles are responsible for 60 per cent of offences for their age group (Blunkett, 2002c). Clearly, despite the introduction of innumerable projects designed to re-integrate offenders back into their communities, the growth in lawless behaviour has not diminished. Many measures to restrain unacceptable behaviour are now available, amongst which are Youth Offending Teams, Final Warning Schemes, Detention and Training Orders, Acceptable Behaviour Programmes, Parenting Orders, Reparation Orders and Anti-Social Behaviour Orders (Blunkett, 2002c) although, retrospectively, little appears to have improved. In December 2003 Lord Falconer of Thoroton emphasised that this: crime and anti-social behaviour corrupts communities, eating away at the fabric of the way we all want to live our lives (Lord Falconer, 2003). An increasing lack of morality appears to be more prevalent within modern society, with Chief Superintendent of Greater Manchester Police describing these amoral youths as feral (The Times, 2005). Despite all the legislation at the disposal of the criminal justice system, however, the yob culture appears to be endemic, with the vulnerable in society more at risk of becoming victims than ever before. The media report lurid headlines on a daily basis: Beaten to death on his doorstep (Daily Mail, 2005); Beaten up on Video Phone (Daily Mail, 2005); Hoody ban eases shoppers fear (Daily Mail, 2005, page 8). The edition on May 19th 2005 reported how thugs attack a funeral car by launching an 8 foot length of wood through the windscreen of the car travelling immediately behind the hearse. It has been reported that some forces are not making good use of legislation and tackling the imitation firearm problem (Deputy Chief Constable, Daily Mail, 2005, Page 8) when children, some as young as 13, routinely carry replica BB guns, which can cause serious injury to targets up to 30 yards away, around the streets. CONCLUSION In 2002 the Home Secretary intended: to deliver real justice to victims and the wider community and strike a fair balance between the rights of victims and the accused (Blunkett, 2002a). The Legal Action Group suggest that victims and defendants rights are mutually incompatible (Cape, 2004, page 1) and suggest that victims rights are not being catered for; their rights are neither acknowledged nor respected. However, they also ascertain that, in making it easier to convict defendants is not in the best interests of the victims. The fragility between rights to security and freedom and the obligation to protect communities, reflects a natural result of shared morality without which rules would lack meaning (Pampel, 2000, Page 67). This factor was clearly recognised by David Blunkett who acknowledged the public felt that the system had swung too far in favour of the accused (Blunkett, 2002a). This intensely deep-rooted problem of lawlessness within communities cannot be solved by the police alone. Henham observes that this can only be achieved through: disregard of formal legal controls which prove an obstacle to the production of a high conviction rate although he acknowledges that due process maintains an adherence to courtroom procedure and protection of the individual (Henham, 1998, Page 592). Many organisations have highlighted the growth in recorded crime despite measures in place to punish the offender. Punishment falls into various areas from incapacitation to retribution, deterrence to rehabilitation. A large number of theories abound, all attempting to explain the reasons behind criminal actions. These theories investigate the backgrounds of criminals, their psychological and physical attributes and their positions in society together with their abilities to cope with expectations placed on them by society. As yet there has been no definitive answer and, due to so many variables, there possibly never will be. Controversially, Durkheim believed that a certain amount of crime failed to harm society and was normal and valuable in a healthy society (Cotterell, 1992: 159), with the ideas of right and wrong being reaffirmed through the existence of crime and punishment (Pampel, 2000: 59). This reflects a natural result of shared morality without which rules would lack meaning (Pampel, 2000: 67), promoting the concept of the durability of social life inevitably assuming a definite form. Individual and collective morality would assume that offenders should be punished to maintain the stability of the community and maintain their safety. Our collective conscience ensures that the majority accept the rule of law and accept that deviance needs to be punished. Psychologically, restorative justice is assumed to invoke aesthetic sentiment of forgiveness for miscreants and release for victims. What it fails to do is provide society with assurances that their safety and integrity will be maintained in an atmosphere where the offenders rights appear to be upheld in variance with those of the victim, or the fundamental rights the victim is entitled to expect. A personal view could be recorded which considers that restorative justice exhibits illusionary tendencies to pacify the reformers at the expense of societys status quo. Clearly, not a supporter of restorative justice this writer intuitively distorts the semantics and cognitively refers to this concept as retributive justice: more aptly named, and far more appropriate for the majority of offenders who, regardless of intervention programmes to rehabilitate them will continue to offend despite societys best efforts. BIBLIOGRAPHY Austin, 1995, cited in Martin, J (1999): The English Legal System: Oxford, UK, Hodder Stoughton, p.115 Beccaria, Cesare. (1963) [1764]: On Crimes and Punishments. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill. Blakemore, Ken (1998): Social Policy: an Introduction: Buckingham, UK: Open University Press Blunkett, David (2002a): Balance of rights essential to effective justice. June, 19 Speaking at the Metropolitan Police Modernising Criminal Justice Conference http://www.cjsonline.org.uk/news/2002/june/balance_of_rights.html Blunkett, David (2002b): Justice for All Radical reform of the Criminal Justice System unveiled. July 17Criminal justice reforms unveiled. Announcement from Home Secretary to the Police Superintendents Association of England and Wales http://www.policesupers.com/police-supers-news.asp?news_id=139 Blunkett, David, (2002c)introducing the publication of the new White Paper, Justice for all, 2002, November 14: speaking at 3.30pm at the Youth Justice Board Annual. Cape, Ed (2004): Reconcilable Rights: analysing the tension between victims and defendants. 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